�The Second mode of passing Rivers Independent of Aqueducts�, 1796.

ENGLAND - APRIL 08: Engraving after a drawing by inventor Robert Fulton (1765-1815), from his 'A treatise on the improvement of canal navigation' (London, 1796). Here a parallel plane is used to cross a river. Boats are hooked to the chains pulled from each end by a horizontal wheel. Many canals were built in England in the late 18th century. Fulton was convinced that expensive locks and aqueducts were not necessary. He believed it would be cheaper to use small canals with inclined planes between different levels and cable viaducts over rivers. 'Tub and cistern' lifting motors provided the power. He also discussed designs for iron and wooden bridges. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)